Efflux mechanisms that account for resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents are
commonly found in a wide range of bacteria. Two major groups of efflux systems are known …

Efflux pump genes and proteins are present in both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-
resistant bacteria. Pumps may be specific for one substrate or may transport a range of …

Bacterial genomes sequenced to date almost invariably contain genes apparently coding for
multidrug efflux pumps, and the yeast genome contains more than 30 putative multidrug …

Efflux pumps are transport proteins involved in the extrusion of toxic substrates (including
virtually all classes of clinically relevant antibiotics) from within cells into the external …

Gram-positive bacteria express numerous membrane transporters that promote the efflux of
various drugs, including many antibiotics, from the cell to the outer medium. Drug …

Multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria was at first thought to be caused exclusively by the
combination of several resistance genes, each coding for resistance to a single drug. More …

Multidrug efflux systems endow on bacterial cells the ability to limit the access of
antimicrobial agents to their targets. By actively pumping out antibiotic molecules, these …

The development of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is a major problem
faced antimicrobial therapy and management of infectious diseases. Too many resistance …

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a
worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant'(MDR) …

Multiresistance in Gram-negative pathogens, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter spp. and the Enterobacteriaceae, is a …