Multidrug efflux mechanisms in bacteria contribute significantly to intrinsic and acquired
resistance to antimicrobial agents. Genome analysis have confirmed the broad distribution …

Multidrug efflux transporters are normal constituents of bacterial cells. These transporters
are major contributors to intrinsic resistance of bacteria to many anti-microbial agents. In …

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a
worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant'(MDR) …

Bacterial pathogens that are multi-drug resistant compromise the effectiveness of treatment
when they are the causative agents of infectious disease. These multi-drug resistance …

A set of multidrug efflux systems enables Gram‐negative bacteria to survive in a hostile
environment. This review focuses on the structural features and the mechanism of major …

Gram-positive bacteria express numerous membrane transporters that promote the efflux of
various drugs, including many antibiotics, from the cell to the outer medium. Drug …

Multidrug efflux systems endow on bacterial cells the ability to limit the access of
antimicrobial agents to their targets. By actively pumping out antibiotic molecules, these …

Active efflux of antibiotics is one of the major mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria. The
efflux process is mediated by membrane transporters with a large variety of unrelated …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps are antibiotic resistance determinants present in all
microorganisms. With few exceptions, they are chromosomally encoded and present a …

Broadly specific, so-called multidrug, efflux mechanisms are now known to contribute
significantly to intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in a number of Gram-negative …