One of the main goals of modern silviculture is to emulate the structural complexity of old-
growth forests. In this context, it is of advantage to identify a target state of structural …

The high structural heterogeneity of primary forests is assumed to positively affect various
ecosystem traits and functions, eg biodiversity, resilience and adaptability. Against this …

Today, creating or maintaining forest structural complexity is a management paradigm in
many countries due to the positive relationships between structural complexity and several …

The dynamics of forest structure influence forest ecosystem functions and are modified by
forest management and natural disturbances. Here, we quantified the dynamics of stand …

Management for complexity has become an important paradigm for European and North
American forestry. Recent advancements in data processing allow for a detailed, three …

Measures to describe stand structural complexity efficiently and objectively are increasingly
demanded to understand the relationship between forest management, stand structure …

For about half a century, attempts have been made to manage forests as close to nature as
possible. This management targeted the creation of structures that resemble those found in …

Natural disturbances play a crucial role in shaping forest structural dynamics, directly
influencing stand structural heterogeneity. In European forests, disturbances occur across …

Understory vegetation influences several ecosystem services and functions of European
beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests. Despite this knowledge on the importance of understory …

Nature conservation in the Carpathians focuses on primary forest remnants as biodiversity
hotspots. They are often recognized by structural attributes such as tree size heterogeneity …