In 1989, Kim Crenshaw published an essay entitled" Demarginalizing the Intersection of
Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and …

Black women2 in America3 have always been workers-as slaves, farmers, domestics, skilled
and unskilled laborers, and even, in small numbers, as professionals. Their ability to find …

Introduction The American labor system has been shaped by historical White1 male
domination that continues to subordinate people of color and women. The authors agree …

No other group in America has so had their identity socialized out of existence as have black
women. We are rarely recognized as a group separate and distinct from black men, or as a …

In 1964, Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (" Title VII" or the" Act") to protect
individuals from workplace discrimination on the basis of their race, color, sex, or national …

Marcia Gillespie, speaking for African American women, but with words applicable for many
other women of color, wrote We say, I am a Black Woman, I cannot separate my race from …

In DeGraffenreid v. General Motors Assembly Division,'a group of black female employees
sued General Motors (" GM") under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, claiming that GM's …

Despite women's' recent gains in fields that have been histori-cally dominated by men, the
upper reaches of most professions remain disproportionately male. 2 Thus, although the …

I have chosen this title as a point of departure in my efforts to develop a Black feminist
criticism2. because it sets forth a problematic consequence of the tendency to treat race and …

There is little doubt that sexism and ageism still exist. To remedy these" isms," there are laws
to protect both women and older workers from discrimination in the workplace, namely Title …