Inflammatory stimulants such as bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) are known
to induce tissue damage and injury partly through the induction of reactive oxygen species …

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by bacterial endotoxin
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a key role during the pathogenesis of sepsis. Given the key …

The activation of interleukin receptor associated kinases (IRAK) is an important event in
several inflammatory processes. However, exposing monocytes to a nitric oxide (NO) donor …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates macrophages to release inflammatory cytokines,
interleukin-1β (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). LPS-induced TNF suppresses …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important second messengers generated in response to
many types of environmental stress. In this setting, changes in intracellular ROS can activate …

Local activation of the macrophage by endotoxin is essential for the eradication of invasive
gram-negative infections. Circulating endotoxin at lower concentrations results in immune …

During macrophage activation, expression of IL-1R–associated kinase (IRAK)-M is induced
to suppress TLR-mediated responses and is a hallmark of endotoxin tolerance. Endotoxin …

Being one of the key kinases downstream of Toll-like receptors, IRAK1 has initially thought
to be responsible for NFκB activation. Yet IRAK1 knock-out mice still exhibit NFκB activation …

IRAK4 is a member of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)–associated kinase (IRAK) family and has been
shown to play an essential role in Toll-like receptor (TLR)–mediated signaling. We recently …

Subclinical levels of circulating endotoxin are associated with the pathogenesis of diverse
human inflammatory diseases, by mildly inducing the expression of proinflammatory …