In temperate regions, few insects are able to avoid exposure to low environmental
temperatures during the winter. Notable exceptions include the monarch butterfly, which …

The study of insects at low temperature is a comparatively new field. Only recently has insect
cryobiology begun to mature, as research moves from a descriptive approach to a search for …

Cold is a relative term which for present purposes will be considered to encompass
temperatures too low to support normal development of the in sects concerned. The effects …

An earlier review in this journal (Baust and Rojas, 1985) encouraged investigators to
“critically reassess” much of the “generally accepted dogma” which characterises research …

It is well known that temperature has a pervasive effect on insects. Nearly every aspect of an
insect's life is influenced by temperature, from direct effects on the kinetics of enzymatic …

Insect cold tolerance mechanisms are often divided into freezing tolerance and freeze
intolerance. This division has been criticised in recent years; Bale (1996) established five …

It has often been stated that insects survive at low temperature by one of two main strategies,
freeze tolerance and freeze avoidance by supercooling. Apart from the observation that the …

The above paragraph and variations around the same theme have formed the basis for the
introduction to many papers on insect cold hardiness. This article puts forward the view that …

The objectives of this Review are to both stimulate discussion amongst insect physiologists
interested in the area of cold hardiness studies and to encourage investigators to critically re …

This chapter offers a brief overview of the injury inflicted by low temperature and the
mechanisms used by insects to circumvent such injury Protective mechanisms that might be …