It is well established that multidrug-resistance efflux pumps encoded by bacteria can confer
clinically relevant resistance to antibiotics. It is now understood that these efflux pumps also …

The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family of antimicrobial efflux pumps is commonly
found in gram-negative bacteria and almost always chromosomally encoded.• Multiple RND …

Multidrug efflux pumps are chromosomally encoded genetic elements capable of mediating
resistance to toxic compounds in several life forms. In bacteria, these elements are involved …

Introduction The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family is the most important group of
multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. Their inhibition increases the …

Multidrug efflux pumps constitute a group of transporters that are ubiquitously found in any
organism. In addition to other functions with relevance for the cell physiology, efflux pumps …

Efflux pump genes and proteins are present in both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-
resistant bacteria. Pumps may be specific for one substrate or may transport a range of …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

The rise in multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the greatest threats to human health
worldwide. MDR in bacterial pathogens is a major challenge in healthcare, as bacterial …

Multidrug-resistance efflux pumps—in particular those belonging to the resistance-
nodulation-cell-division (RND) family of transporters, with their unusually high degree of …

Multidrug efflux pumps can be involved in bacterial resistance to antibiotics at different
levels. Some efflux pumps are constitutively expressed at low levels and contribute to …