Many American states require that students lacking basic reading proficiency after third
grade be retained and remediated. We exploit a discontinuity in retention probabilities under …

We evaluate the impact of Florida's test-based promotion policy on the probability that low-
performing students are retained using data on the universe of third-grade students in the …

In 2002, Florida adopted a test-based promotion policy in the third grade in an attempt to
end social promotion. Similar policies are currently operating in Texas, New York City, and …

Low-achieving students in many school districts are retained in a grade to allow them to gain
the academic or social skills that teachers believe are necessary to succeed academically …

In the mid-1990s, the Chicago Public Schools declared an end to social promotion and
instituted promotional requirements based on standardized test scores in the third, sixth, and …

Grade retention is a major issue in the ongoing debate over how to improve primary and
secondary education in the United States. This paper examines the retention decision and …

The association between grade retention in first grade and passing the third grade state
accountability tests, the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) reading and …

As standards and accountability have become increasingly prominent features of the
educational landscape, educators have relied more on remedial programs such as summer …

Over the past decade, several states and school districts have implemented accountability
systems that require students to demonstrate a minimum level of proficiency through …

Students who failed the Texas mandatory third grade reading test were followed through
their sophomore year in high school. Comparisons of reading scores between third grade …