In Europe, concerns regarding the provision of ecosystem services from forests, such as
biodiversity, has led to a widespread conversion from even-aged to close-to-nature forest …

Abstract The „structure “and “diversity” of a forest may be defined by the spatial distribution of
the tree positions, by the particular mingling patterns of the different tree species which occur …

Ecosystem legacies, reflecting the management history traits, are visible in structural
indicators of a forest stand. We assessed patterns of spatial forest structure by using …

Spatial patterns can reveal a lot about ecological processes, but our knowledge of the
spatial ecology of tree regeneration at a fine scale is quite limited. Therefore, we studied the …

The vascular flora of 62 Danish beech forests of eastern Jutland ranging in size from 1–445
ha, was investigated for species–area relations. Species richness reflecting total diversity …

The horizontal and vertical stand structure of living trees was examined in a managed and in
a primeval spruce (Picea abies) dominated forest in southern Finland. Tree size distributions …

Current knowledge of the within-site variability of major stand structural features in beech
dominated natural forests is limited. Numerous studies have used just several small plots for …

Unlike many studies on the stand structure of European beech-dominated natural forests we
explicitly examined the spatial variability of six general stand characteristics: density, basal …

High structural diversity is often attributed to old-growth forests, usually established naturally
and unmanaged. Forest diversity should be considered not only in terms of species diversity …

In this study, we present an approach for the identification of indicators for biodiversity within
forest ecosystems. We analyze the data of stands of pure Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) …