The development of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is a major problem
faced antimicrobial therapy and management of infectious diseases. Too many resistance …

Therapeutic failures against diseases due to resistant Gram-negative bacteria have become
a major threat nowadays as confirmed by surveillance reports across the world. One of the …

Efflux mechanisms that account for resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents are
commonly found in a wide range of bacteria. Two major groups of efflux systems are known …

Introduction The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family is the most important group of
multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. Their inhibition increases the …

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a
worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant'(MDR) …

Multiple antibiotic resistance of clinically important bacteria are of major concern worldwide.
Alterations of drug targets or enzymatic inactivation of antimicrobial agents are the well …

Antimicrobial resistance is an old and silent pandemic. Resistant organisms emerge in
parallel with new antibiotics, leading to a major global public health crisis over time …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Drug efflux pumps transport antimicrobial agents out of bacteria, thereby reducing the
intracellular antimicrobial concentration, which is associated with intrinsic and acquired …

In this manuscript, we want to review the biochemical and genetic characteristics of the
different efflux pumps involved in both intrinsic and acquired multiresistance in non …