Background Many everyday objects fall in the categories of ex tremely shiny or extremely
non-shiny. Mirrors, silver ware, Christmas-tree balls, and black glass reflect clear, but …

When we see an object, the information that the eye receives results from the optical
interaction of the ob ject's surface with the light striking the surface. Poten tially, every detail …

This paper describes a study to evaluate the hypothesis that the actual appearance of a
bright element (iz., lens, diffuser, source itself) of a light source in an observer's field of view …

Although lens optics are a highly sophisticated and extremely advanced technology,
nonimaging reflector optics for illumination only have been strangely neglected until very …

Your mother, or perhaps a teacher, told you always to read with a light over one shoulder.
The traditional engineering recommendation is that when reading from a flat piece of paper …

An object's shading is determined by its shape and position, by its surface reflectance
properties, and by the pattern of illumination. Many studies of shading focus on the recovery …

While almost every aspect of lighting design for the whole visual field has been studied and
much data accumulated, no single comprehensive method of design making full use of this …

Waldram coined the phrase" Designed Appearance Lighting" in connection with his process
of moving from a mental concept of how a space should appear, to a brightн ness …

Familiar light sources vary by a factor of about lo6 in the bright solid angle they present. lttble
1 ranks a number of sources according to the solid angle subtended by their bright areas …

In 1944, Luckiesh wrote an article for Illuminating Engineering called" Brightness
Engineering." In it, he reminded us that lighting design involves more than calculating …