Recently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches have been effectively used by
researchers to calculate the resistance characteristics of ships that have rough outer …

Recently, there have been active efforts to investigate the effect of hull roughness on ship
resistance using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Although, several studies …

In recent years, oil prices have continued to be low owing to the development of
unconventional resources such as shale gas, coalbed methane gas, and tight gas. However …

In recent, shipping companies have made an enormous effort to improve the operation of
vessel in various approaches, due to recession of shipping market and increasing …

Hull roughness significantly increases ship resistance, power, and fuel consumption.
Although it is typically spatially heterogeneous, little research has dealt with …

Research into the effects of hull roughness on ship resistance and propulsion is well
established, however, the effect of heterogeneous hull roughness is not yet fully understood …

Recently, there has been an increasing focus on maritime transport, as it offers many
advantages in terms of storage and transport. As a result, shipping companies need to …

Ship hull roughness can significantly increase the ship resistance. The roughness caused
by biofouling attached to the ship hull is not uniform but has a random distribution. The …

Despite the ongoing efforts for predicting the effect of hull roughness on ship resistance, the
majority of the studies have been treating the hull surfaces as uniformly (ie, homogeneously) …

Hull roughness increases ship frictional resistance and, thus, results in economic and
environmental penalties. Its effect has been prevalently predicted using the similarity law …