Pathological studies on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suggest that PD pathology
progresses from the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the olfactory bulb into the central …

Increasing evidence suggests that environmental neurotoxicants or misfolded α-synuclein
generated by such neurotoxicants are transported from the gastrointestinal tract to the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition associated with
tremor, rigidity, dementia, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation, nausea and …

Gastrointestinal disorders, particularly severe constipation and delayed gastric emptying,
are core symptoms of Parkinson's disease that affect most patients. However, the …

The classic view portrays Parkinson disease (PD) as a motor disorder resulting from loss of
substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons. Multiple studies, however, describe …

Emerging findings suggest that Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology (α-synuclein
accumulation) and neuronal dysfunction may occur first in peripheral neurons of the …

Parkinson disease (PD) follows a defined clinical pattern, and a range of nonmotor
symptoms precede the motor phase. The predominant early nonmotor manifestations are …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving both motor and non-motor
symptoms caused by the progressive death of distinct neuronal populations, including …

In Parkinson's disease patients pathology follows a characteristic pattern involving inter alia
the enteric nervous system, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the intermediolateral …

Background There is increasing evidence that Parkinson's disease (PD) might start in the
gut, thus involving and compromising also the enteric nervous system (ENS). At the clinical …