The luminance of a surface results from the combined effect of its reflectance (albedo) and
its conditions of illumination. Luminance can be directly observed, but reflectance and …

Observers looked into a miniature room in which everything was painted matte white, or—in
another room—matte black. They made both reflectance and illumination judgments for …

In contrast to the classical findings of lightness constancy, recent psychophysical studies
show the strong dependency of the perceived reflectance of a surface on the structure of the …

The apparent relief of monocularly viewed surfaces reversed when the order of light and
shade was reversed relative to the position of a lamp observed the moment earlier. The …

Under typical viewing conditions, we find it easy to distinguish between different materials,
such as metal, plastic, and paper. Recognizing materials from their surface reflectance …

We examined how well we can recover surface-reflectance properties from shading patterns
under changes in surface shape. The stimulus we used was a square surface modulated in …

The hypothesis is offered that relative brightness judgments are based upon experience with
the way the amount of light reflected by objects changes with their distance from the light …

Visible surfaces in a natural environment often have multiple components of reflectance,
including a diffuse component, by which light is scattered isotropically in all possible …

A review of the field of lightness perception from Helmholtz to the present shows the most
adequate theories of lightness perception to be the intrinsic image models. Nevertheless …

Two experiments are reported in which observers judged the sign and magnitude of surface
curvature from shaded images of an indoor scene. The depicted surfaces were illuminated …