In the 1990s and early 2000s, schools across the United States employed exclusionary
discipline at increasing rates as a response to student infractions. Researchers studying …

Concerns around disparities in suspensions and expulsions from schools in the United
States have resulted in a concerted effort to reduce the use of exclusionary school discipline …

Disciplinary sanctions are used to manage student behavior in schools at an alarming rate.
Whereas some scholars have alluded to the detrimental effects exclusionary discipline has …

In this brief, recent actions related to school discipline, discipline disparities in schools, the
school-to-prison pipeline, and the added costs of suspending students in the US are …

A full canon of empirical literature shows that students who are African American, Latinx, or
American Indian/Alaskan Native, and students who are male, diagnosed with disabilities, or …

Major urban high poverty schools frequently use exclusionary discipline (ie, out of school
suspensions) and apply these consequences disproportionately to African American …

Racial inequality in exclusionary discipline is one of the salient educational equity
challenges facing educational stakeholders in the United States (US). This study …

Exclusionary discipline--suspensions or expulsions that remove students from the learning
environment--can have long-lasting, negative impacts on a student's trajectory. Research …

BACKGROUND In the United States, poor and minority students are suspended and
expelled—and therefore excluded from school—at much higher rates than their peers. For …

In the United States exclusionary discipline (suspension and expulsion) is commonly used
to remove disruptive students from the classroom or school. While any disciplinary action …