Since the early 1990s voters in Russia (and most of the other post-Soviet republics) have
been offered the opportunity to vote 'against all'parties and candidates. Increasing numbers …

Russian voters, however, have two electoral instruments through which they can register a
protest: either they can abstain from voting altogether, or else they can actually vote against …

In the Russian Federation the voter has the option to vote'against all': an explicit vote against
all candidates or lists of candidates. This provision was intended to raise turnout and to help …

The election of a president is the opposite of electing a parliament. Whereas a Duma with
450 members can collectively represent the diversity of opinion in Russia, only one person …

The 2003–04 electoral cycle witnessed a substantial victory for President Putin and
parliamentary forces loyal to him. However, less attention was devoted to a substantial fall in …

Elections have been the central institution of representative government since at least the
ancient Greeks. The story of the extension of the franchise to (eventually) all adult citizens …

On 17 December 1995, Russian voters elected representatives to the Duma, the lower
house of parliament. For the first time in the thousand-year history of Russia, these elections …

Election results are aggregates; electors are individuals; and no satisfactory alternative has
yet been found for the national representative survey if we are interested in the distribution of …

There are different views about the place of political parties in post-communist Russian
politics. However, levels of trust and partisan identification are low, although much depends …

VOTING IS STILL QUITE NEW IN RUSSIA. 1 Voting, that is, in the sense of choosing. Under
the Soviet system there were frequent votes but no opportunity to choose, not just between …