Learning is the process of accumulating information. Repetition can make the process of
retrieving information more efficient. The mechanisms by which repetition facilitates the …

The testing effect refers to the phenomenon that repeated retrieval of memories promotes
better long-term retention than repeated study. To investigate the neural correlates of the …

Previous studies have linked partial memory activation with impaired subsequent memory
retrieval (eg,) but have not provided an account of this phenomenon at the level of memory …

Encoding and retrieval processes enhance long-term memory performance. The efficiency
of encoding processes has recently been linked to representational consistency: the …

Neuroimaging studies of episodic memory have consistently demonstrated that memory
retrieval involves reactivating patterns of neural activity that were present during encoding …

Retrieval practice, relative to further study, leads to long-term memory enhancement known
as the “testing effect.” The neurobiological correlates of the testing effect at retrieval, when …

Repeating a stimulus generally leads to a decreased response in neural activity compared
to that for novel items. This neural attenuation provides a marker for stimulus-specific …

Prior research has identified several regions where neural activity is enhanced when
recollection of episodic information is successful. Here, we investigated whether these …

Testing, or retrieval practice, is beneficial for long-term memory both directly, by enhancing
performance on tested information, and indirectly, by facilitating learning from subsequent …

Stimulus repetition elicits either enhancement or suppression in neural activity, and a recent
fMRI meta‐analysis of repetition effects for visual stimuli (Kim, 2017) reported cross‐stimulus …