Academic research is increasingly social (Powell, White, Koput, and Jason 2005; Rawlings
and McFarland 2011). This change is evident in the move away from research produced by …

Research scientists have become increasingly dependent on collaborations across
laboratories and organizations to maintain their productivity. However, the increased …

Science is work, and viewing science as a form of work demystifies it, eclipsing the quest~
for timeless truth with more mundane efforts to secure resources, conduct research …

Dramatic changes in the practice of scientific research over the past half century, including
trends towards working in teams and on large projects, as well as geographically distributed …

Scientists are increasingly charged with solving complex societal, health, and environmental
problems. These systemic problems require teams of expert scientists to tackle research …

There is an acclaimed tradition in the history and sociology of science that emphasizes the
role of the individual genius in scientific discovery (Merton, 1968; Bowler and Morus, 2005) …

The quintessential image of knowledge production in the social sciences is the solitary
scholar: an academic working and publishing independently. In the physical and biological …

There are a wide range of community organizations and projects that aim to support
scholarly communications in one way or another. Scholarly societies are some of the longest …

Some scholars view academic and industrial science as qualitatively different knowledge
production regimes. Others claim that the two sectors are increasingly similar. Large-scale …

Science shares many features with organic, complex adaptive systems. Indeed, it is practical
for evaluation purposes to characterize scientific discovery as a network of communications …