Bilingualism profoundly affects the brain, yielding functional and structural changes in
cortical regions dedicated to language processing and executive function [Crinion J, et …

Auditory processing is presumed to be influenced by cognitive processes–including
attentional control–in a top-down manner. In bilinguals, activation of both languages during …

To understand how socioeconomic status (SES) and bilingualism simultaneously operate on
cognitive and sensory function, we examined executive control, language skills, and neural …

Bilingualism has been shown to affect the structure of the brain, including cortical regions
related to language. Less is known about subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia …

Musicianship is associated with neuroplastic changes in brainstem and cortical structures,
as well as improved acuity for behaviorally relevant sounds including speech. However …

Increasing evidence suggests that musical expertise influences brain organization and brain
functions. Moreover, results at the behavioral and neurophysiological levels reveal that …

Bilinguals are known to perform worse than monolinguals on speech-in-noise tests.
However, the mechanisms underlying this difference are unclear. By varying the amount of …

There is a great deal of individual variability in outcome in second language learning, the
sources of which are still poorly understood. We hypothesized that individual differences in …

Two studies (;) have reported a positive correlation between the ability to perceive foreign
speech sounds and the volume of Heschl's gyrus (HG), the structure that houses the auditory …

The auditory system is stunning in its capacity for change: a single neuron can modulate its
tuning in minutes. Here we articulate a conceptual framework to understand the biology of …