In an unfamiliar environment, searching for and navigating to a target requires that spatial
information be acquired, stored, processed, and retrieved. In a study encompassing all of …

Here we present an experiment investigating human route learning behavior. Specific
interest concerned the learning strategies as well as the underlying spatial knowledge. In …

Landmarks are an essential part of human navigation. In most situations, landmarks used for
navigation are available in the environment. However, landmarks can also be set up …

Participants were designated active drivers or passive passengers according to whether or
not they had control over the displacements of a virtual vehicle, while taking 5, 10 or 15 tours …

Knowing where one is located within an environment is one of the most fundamental tasks
humans have to master in their daily routines. Maps, as external representations of the …

In the current study, we investigated the ways in which the acquisition and transfer of spatial
knowledge were affected by (a) the type of spatial relations predominately experienced …

Spatial awareness and knowledge about one's location in an environment is a necessity for
successful orientation, wayfinding, and navigation activities. Although familiar environments …

By having subjects drive a virtual taxicab through a computer-rendered town, we examined
how landmark and layout information interact during spatial navigation. Subject-drivers …

Two experiments investigated how people develop different landmark knowledge at
decision points. Participants learned a route in a virtual city once or five times. One …

The proposal that humans can develop cognitive maps of their environment has a long and
controversial history. We suggest an individual-differences approach to this question instead …