Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Abstract Earth System models (ESMs) are global climate models with the added capability to
explicitly represent biogeochemical processes that interact with the physical climate and so …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …

Earth system models are complex and represent a large number of processes, resulting in a
persistent spread across climate projections for a given future scenario. Owing to different …

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This special issue of Climatic Change contains a series of research articles documenting co-
ordinated work carried out within a 3-year European Union project 'P rediction of R egional …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Both historical and idealized climate model experiments are performed with a variety of
Earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) as part of a community contribution …

There is large uncertainty about the magnitude of warming and how rainfall patterns will
change in response to any given scenario of future changes in atmospheric composition and …

Most detection and attribution studies use climate models to determine both the expected
'fingerprint'of climate change and the uncertainty in the estimated magnitude of this …