Mucosal immunity protects a host from intestinal inflammation and infection and is
profoundly influenced by symbiotic bacteria. Here we report that in mice symbiotic bacteria …

Autophagy is emerging as a crucial defense mechanism against bacteria, but the host
intracellular sensors responsible for inducing autophagy in response to bacterial infection …

Intestinal Paneth cells limit bacterial invasion by secreting antimicrobial proteins, including
lysozyme. However, invasive pathogens can disrupt the Golgi apparatus, interfering with …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–containing-2 (NOD2) acts as a bacterial sensor
in dendritic cells (DCs), but it is not clear how bacterial recognition links with antigen …

The detection of microbial pathogens involves the recognition of conserved microbial
components by host cell sensors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors …

Nod2 has been extensively characterized as a bacterial sensor that induces an antimicrobial
and inflammatory gene expression program. Therefore, it is unclear why Nod2 mutations …

Intestinal phagocytes transport oral antigens and promote immune tolerance, but their role in
innate immune responses remains unclear. Here we found that intestinal phagocytes were …

Intestinal homeostasis is critical for efficient energy extraction from food and protection from
pathogens. Its disruption can lead to an array of severe illnesses with major impacts on …

The intestinal crypt is a site of potential interactions between microbiota products, stem cells,
and other cell types found in this niche, including Paneth cells, and thus offers a potential for …

The mammalian intestine harbors a complex microbial community that provides numerous
benefits to its host. However, the microbiota can also include potentially virulent species …