Significance: A growing body of clinical and experimental evidence has challenged the
traditional understanding that only the adaptive immune system can mount immunological …

Infiltrating and tissue-resident myeloid cells are essential regulators of innate and adaptive
immunity. During inflammation, and in response to microbial products, these cells can adapt …

Immunological memory is an important evolutionary trait that improves host survival upon
reinfection. Memory is a characteristic recognized within both the innate and adaptive arms …

The interaction of innate immune cells with pathogens leads to changes in gene expression
that elicit our body's first line of defense against infection. Although signaling pathways and …

The last few years have witnessed an increasing body of evidence that challenges the
traditional view that immunological memory is an exclusive trait of the adaptive immune …

During the last few years, a growing body of evidence has shown that immunological
memory is not an exclusive trait of lymphocytes, as many inflammatory insults can alter the …

Innate immune cells have complex signalling pathways for sensing pathogens and initiating
innate immune responses against infection. These pathways are tightly regulated at different …

The innate immune response is a rapid response to pathogens or danger signals. It is
precisely activated not only to efficiently eliminate pathogens but also to avoid excessive …

Innate immune cells can adopt long-term inflammatory phenotypes following brief
encounters with exogenous (microbial) or endogenous stimuli. This phenomenon is named …

BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune
responses, which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and …