Immunological memory provides rapid protection to pathogens previously encountered
through infection or vaccination. CD 4 T‐cells play a central role in all adaptive immune …

Immunological memory is one of the features that define the adaptive immune response: by
generating specific memory cells after infection or vaccination, the host provides itself with a …

An important goal of vaccination strategies is to elicit long term, effective immunity. Therefore
it is imperative to define the parameters that regulate the development and preservation of …

T cell protective immunity is associated with multifunctional memory cells that produce
several different cytokines. Currently, our understanding of when and how these cells are …

Immunological memory provides the basis for successful vaccines. It is important to
understand the properties of memory cells. There is much known about the phenotype and …

Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells
that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability …

A critical aim of vaccine‐related research is to identify the mechanisms by which memory T
cells are formed and maintained over long periods of time. In recent years, we have …

Memory CD8+ T cells were originally thought to exist as two populations (effector and
central memory). In recent years, a third population called resident memory T cells has been …

ABSTRACT CD4 T-cell help is required for optimal memory CD8 T-cell responses. We have
found that engaging preexisiting CD4 Th1, but not Th2, memory cells at the time of CD8 T …

Following infection or vaccination, naïve CD8 T cells that receive the appropriate integration
of antigenic, co‐stimulatory and inflammatory signals undergo a programmed series of …