Naturalistic experimental paradigms in neuroimaging arose from a pressure to test the
validity of models we derive from highly-controlled experiments in real-world contexts. In …

Many brain-imaging studies are designed with the goal of isolating brain regions
responsible for a specific mental function. The results, which reveal islands of activity …

There are ever more compelling tools available for neuroscience research, ranging from
selective genetic targeting to optogenetic circuit control to mapping whole connectomes …

In studying brain activity during the behavior of living animals, it is not possible
simultaneously to analyze all levels of control from molecular events to motor responses. To …

Scientists who study cognition infer underlying processes either by observing behavior (eg,
response times, percentage correct) or by observing neural activity (eg, the BOLD …

We provide an overview and comparison of several recent large-scale brain models. In
addition to discussing challenges involved with building large neural models, we identify …

The distinction between bottom-up and top-down control of action has been central in
cognitive psychology, and, subsequently, in functional neuroimaging. While the model has …

Psychology and neuroscience are concerned with the study of behavior, of internal cognitive
processes, and their neural foundations. However, most laboratory studies use constrained …

The facility with which humans perform and shift among a wide variety of cognitive tasks
seems to indicate a mechanism for entering into a task-dependent mode or set. However …

Thepresent study employed event-related fMRI and EEG to investigate the biological basis
of the cognitive control of behavior. Using a GO/NOGO task optimized to produce response …