Researchers have long been presented with the challenge imposed by the role of genetic
heterogeneity in drug response. For many years, Pharmacogenomics and …

Inter-individual heterogeneity in drug response is a serious problem that affects the patient's
wellbeing and poses enormous clinical and financial burdens on a societal level …

Background Pharmacogenomics investigates how variations within the human genome
affect the action and disposition of drugs as well as drug tolerance [1]. Yet, variations within …

Trillions of diverse microbes reside in the gut and are deeply interwoven with the human
physiological process, from food digestion, immune system maturation, and fighting invading …

Individual variability in drug response (IVDR) can be a major cause of adverse drug
reactions (ADRs) and prolonged therapy, resulting in a substantial health and economic …

Many medications can negatively impact the bacteria residing in our gut, depleting
beneficial species, and causing adverse effects. To guide personalized pharmaceutical …

The human body, with 3.0× 1013 cells and more than 3.8× 1013 microorganisms, has nearly
a one‐to‐one ratio of resident microbes to human cells. Initiatives like the Human …

The human microbiota directly and indirectly impacts drug pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics, thus affecting treatment outcome and subsequently human health. The …

Pivotal work in recent years has cast light on the importance of the human microbiome in
maintenance of health and physiological response to drugs. It is now clear that …

Background & aims Medication is a major determinant of human gut microbiome structure,
and its overuse increases the risks of morbidity and mortality. However, effects of certain …