There is little comparative research on what causes candidates in elections across the world
to 'go negative'on their rivals–mainly because of the scarcity of large-scale datasets. In this …

Little comparative evidence exists about what causes candidates to use negative
campaigning in elections. We introduce an original comparative data set that contains …

Parties spend parts of their campaigns criticizing other parties' performance and
characteristics, such as honesty, integrity, and unity. These attacks aim to negatively affect …

We investigate the contextual conditions under which campaigns in elections worldwide are
fought “negatively”, that is, rely on attacks against political opponents. We test the …

Covering the largest sample of countries to date, this study examines the effect of three
country-specific factors on the tone of electoral campaigns across Europe: electoral system …

Which candidates are more likely to go negative, and under which conditions? We analyze
self-reported survey data from candidates having run in the 2017 German federal election …

This study examines effects of negative campaigning by political parties on citizens' electoral
preferences in the 2015 General Election in England. We do so by using a large Internet …

Research on negative campaigning has grown rapidly in the past decades. This article
reviews the literature dealing with this campaign strategy. It discusses its definition and …

This article examines which political parties are the most likely targets of negative
campaigning in a multiparty system. The choice of target is an important strategic decision …

This study examines changes in negative campaigning in the Netherlands between 1981
and 2010. In addition, we examine which factors determine whether political parties are …