Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play pivotal roles in inflammation and provide important links
between the immune and skeletal systems. Although the activation of TLRs may affect …

Osteoporosis is a common chronic metabolic bone disorder. Recently, increasing numbers
of studies have demonstrated that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4, a receptor located on the …

Accumulating evidence points to the importance of the innate immune system in
inflammation‐induced bone loss in infectious and autoimmune diseases. TLRs are well …

Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin and a vital component of gram-
negative bacteria's outer membrane. During gram-negative bacterial sepsis, LPS regulates …

ABSTRACT A variety of pathogen‐derived molecules have been shown to cause bone loss
by enhancing osteoclast differentiation through activation of toll‐like receptors (TLRs). The …

M-CSF and RANKL are two crucial cytokines stimulating differentiation of mature, bone
resorbing, multinucleated osteoclasts from mononucleated progenitor cells in the monocyte …

Bone homeostasis is maintained by a balance in the levels of osteoclast and osteoblast
activity. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells and have been shown to act as key players in …

Chronic periodontitis is a local inflammatory disease induced by a dysbiotic microbiota and
leading to destruction of the tooth-supporting structures. Microbial nucleic acids are …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute an important mechanism in the activation of innate
immune cells including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Macrophage activation …

Reduced bone density and secondary osteoporosis, resulting in increased risk of fracture, is
a significant complicating factor in the inflammatory arthritides. While the exact etiology of …