Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphoid tissues that drive antigen-specific
immune responses at sites of chronic inflammation. Unlike secondary lymphoid organs such …

The intestinal vasculature has been studied for the last 100 years, and its essential role in
absorbing and distributing ingested nutrients is well known. Recently, fascinating new …

The lymphatic system (LS) is composed of lymphoid organs and a network of vessels that
transport interstitial fluid, antigens, lipids, cholesterol, immune cells, and other materials in …

Traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) affect millions of people worldwide,
and they can lead to severely damaging consequences such as permanent disability and …

Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a first-line treatment in ulcerative colitis (UC) that targets the α4β7-
mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) axis. To determine the …

The vertebrate immune system develops in layers, as modes of immunity have evolved on
top of each other through time with the expansion of organismal complexity. The maturation …

Psychological stress has been previously reported to worsen symptoms of inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD). Similarly, intestinal tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are associated with …

The gut microbiota and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) affect tumor responses to
anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint blockade. Reprogramming …

Although the phenomenon of hypertrophied adipose tissue surrounding inflamed bowel
segments in Crohn's disease has been described since 1932, the mechanisms mediating …

Interstitial fluid uptake and retention by lymphatic vessels (LVs) play a role in maintaining
interstitial fluid homeostasis. While it is well-established that intraluminal lymphatic valves in …