PD1 was originally discovered in 1992 as a molecule associated with activation-induced cell
death in T cells. Over the past 30 years, it was found that PD1 has a critical role in avoiding …

Simple Summary Over the past decade, cell-based immunotherapy has become a powerful
strategy in solid cancer therapy. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a group of …

In recent years, an increasingly more in depth understanding of tumor metabolism in
tumorigenesis, tumor growth, metastasis, and prognosis has been achieved. The broad …

The metabolic reprogramming during T cell activation and differentiation affects T cell fate
and immune responses. Cell metabolism may serve as the driving force that induces …

Tumors have special features that make them distinct from their normal counterparts.
Immature cells in a tumor mass and their critical contributions to the tumorigenesis will open …

Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of solid cancers. Macrophages as major constituents
of immune system take important roles in regulation of tumorigenesis. Pro-tumor M2 …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the form of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 have
become the frontier of cancer treatment and successfully prolonged the survival of patients …

Despite the success of cancer immunotherapies such as programmed cell death–1 (PD-1)
and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, patients often develop resistance. New combination …

T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT) is
an immunosuppressive receptor expressed on the surface of immune cells, suppressing …

Abstract Background Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), an autoimmune disease
characterised by abnormal intestinal immunity, are related to vital morbidity around the …