Within two decades, there have emerged three highly pathogenic and deadly human
coronaviruses, namely SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The economic burden …

Abstract Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by systemic hyper-
inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ failure. Cytokine …

Cytokine Storm Cytokine storm, a life-threatening disorder involving cytokine elevations and
immune-cell hyperactivation, has various causes and is characterized by constitutional …

As a zoonotic disease that has already spread globally to several million human beings and
possibly to domestic and wild animals, eradication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) …

Hyper-inflammatory responses induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) are a major cause of disease severity and death. Predictive prognosis …

Currently, humans are immersed in a pandemic caused by the emerging severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which threatens public health …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been categorized as evolving in
overlapping phases. First, there is a viral phase that may well be asymptomatic or mild in the …

Background A subset of patients with severe COVID-19 develop a hyperinflammatory
syndrome, which might contribute to morbidity and mortality. This study explores a specific …

Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated
macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 …

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 presents with a spectrum of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic or mild …