Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in
the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is …

Increasing data indicate that inflammation and alterations in glutamate neurotransmission
are two novel pathways to pathophysiology in mood disorders. The primary goal of this …

Depression is a debilitating condition with a profound impact on quality of life for millions of
people worldwide. Physical exercise is used as a treatment strategy for many patients, but …

Over the past two decades it became evident that the immune system plays a central role in
modulating learning, memory and neural plasticity. Under normal quiescent conditions …

Anhedonia—which is defined as diminished pleasure from, or interest in, previously
rewarding activities—is one of two cardinal symptoms of a major depressive episode …

Depression is a chronic, recurring, and serious mood disorder that afflicts up to 20% of the
global population. The monoamine hypothesis has dominated our understanding of the …

Several structural and cellular changes, including marked glial anomalies, have been
observed in association with major depressive disorder. Here we review these cellular …

Over the last 15 years, the field of neuroscience has evolved toward recognizing the critical
role of astroglia in shaping neuronal synaptic activity and along with the pre-and …

Anhedonia is a cardinal symptom of major depression and is often refractory to standard
treatment, yet no approved medication for this specific symptom exists. In this exploratory re …

Increasing preclinical and clinical evidence underscores the strong and rapid
antidepressant properties of the glutamate-modulating NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine …