Several technologies provide cellular connectivity to transmit data to end devices (EDs) in
the indoor environment. These technologies have short-range; complex network …

Pipelines have been an important means of oil transport in recent years, especially in Saudi
Arabia. Since oil pipelines have extensive length, tracking them is a critical task. Therefore …

With the rapid industrialization and urbanization worldwide, air quality levels are
deteriorating at an unprecedented rate and posing a substantial threat to humans and the …

With the emerging of Agriculture 4.0 movement smart farming has become one of the most
dynamic spheres utilizing IoT technology. LoRaWAN standard has been developed to …

The use of sensor networks in monitoring applications has increased; they are useful in
security, environmental, and health applications, among others. These networks usually …

LoRaWAN is one of the leading Low power wide area network (LPWAN) LPWAN
technologies that compete for the formation of big scale Internet of Things (IoT). It uses LoRa …

Long Range (LoRa) as a low-power wide-area technology is distinguished by its robust long-
distance communications tailored for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Because LoRa was …

In maritime settings, effective communication between vessels and land infrastructure is
crucial, but existing technologies often prove impractical for energy-sensitive IoT …

IoT devices are inherently limited by their processing capabilities and power capacity. While
aiming to maximize their lifespan, one of the biggest challenges they face is to reduce the …

Deforestation is the primary source of global warming; traditional shelf labels use paper to
display the price of the products, and human forces play a pivotal role in updating the tags …