Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global
infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available …

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by respiratory infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains
a major global health threat. The only licensed TB vaccine, the one-hundred-year-old Bacille …

The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) threaten the effectiveness of current
COVID-19 vaccines administered intramuscularly and designed to only target the spike …

Respiratory viral infections reprogram pulmonary macrophages with altered anti-infectious
functions. However, the potential function of virus-trained macrophages in antitumor …

Background Intranasal vaccination may induce protective local and systemic immune
responses against respiratory pathogens. A number of intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine …

A limitation of current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is that they provide minimal protection against
infection with current Omicron subvariants,, although they still provide protection against …

Background Heterologous effects of vaccines are mediated by “trained immunity,” whereby
myeloid cells are metabolically and epigenetically reprogrammed, resulting in heightened …

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and highly contagious lethal infectious disease in
swine that severely threatens the global pig industry. At present, a safe and efficacious …

Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has not only shaped awareness of the impact of infectious
diseases on global health. It has also provided instructive lessons for better prevention …

The COVID-19 pandemic has fostered major advances in vaccination technologies,,–;
however, there are urgent needs for vaccines that induce mucosal immune responses and …