Modern web applications are complex and used for tasks of primary importance, so their
quality must be guaranteed at the highest levels. For this reason, testing techniques (eg, end …

Assuring quality of web applications is fundamental, given their relevance in the today's
world. A possible way to reach this goal is through end-to-end (E2E) testing, an approach in …

Flaky tests (tests with non-deterministic outcomes) pose a major challenge for software
testing. They are known to cause significant issues, such as reducing the effectiveness and …

Test automation brings several benefits but also presents significant problems that often
force developers/testers to carry out tiring and costly manual tasks. Among these tiring tasks …

End-to-end automated test scripts are a great way to ensure the quality of web applications,
but are often perceived as expensive both during their initial development and subsequent …

Web end-to-end (e2e) testing evaluates the workflow of a web application. It simulates real-
world user scenarios to ensure the application flows behave as expected. However, web …

Tests, when not correctly implemented, can pass on incorrect system implementations rather
than fail. In this case, they are named silent horrors or false‐negative tests. They make …

Automation of the development process is essential for modern software projects. Deploying
a software application usually requires the same predictable actions and introducing …