The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease (PD), ie the various clinical phenotypes,
pathological findings, genetic predispositions and probably also the various implicated …

The bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the Central Nervous
System, the so-called gut microbiota brain axis (GMBA), deeply affects brain function and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the
United States. Decades before motor symptoms manifest, non-motor symptoms such as …

Parkinson disease (PD) is a common brain neurodegenerative disease due to progressive
degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Of …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been discussed in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD) …

Parkinson's disease is a common mental disease in the world, especially in the middle-aged
and elderly groups. Today, clinical diagnosis is the main diagnostic method of Parkinson's …

Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia, implicated in the control of
movement and motivation. Alteration of DA levels is central in Parkinson's disease (PD), a …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, age-related, progressive multisystem disease
associated with neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. This review discusses the …

The contribution of the immune system to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative
Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasingly being recognised, with alterations in the innate and …

Fascinatingly, an abundance of recent studies has subscribed to the importance of cytotoxic
immune mechanisms that appear to increase the risk/trigger for many progressive …