Traditionally, multiple sclerosis has been categorised by distinct clinical descriptors—
relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive—for patient care …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of
the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in …

Patients with multiple sclerosis acquire disability either through relapse-associated
worsening (RAW) or progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA). This study …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immunological disease that causes acute inflammatory lesions
and chronic inflammation in the CNS, leading to tissue damage and disability. As awareness …

Importance Accumulation of disability in multiple sclerosis may occur as relapse-associated
worsening (RAW) or steady progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA), with PIRA …

In most cases, multiple sclerosis (MS) begins with a relapsing-remitting course followed by
insidious disability worsening that is independent from clinically apparent relapses and is …

Importance Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) is the main event responsible
for irreversible disability accumulation in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, autoimmune disease of the central nervous
system. While work has focused on myelin and axon loss in MS, less is known about …

Central nervous system B cells have several potential roles in multiple sclerosis (MS):
secretors of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, presenters of autoantigens to T …

The disruption of blood–brain barrier (BBB) for multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has a
double effect: early on during the onset of the immune attack and later for the CNS self …