The recurring spillover of pathogenic coronaviruses and demonstrated capacity of
sarbecoviruses, such SARS-CoV-2, to rapidly evolve in humans underscores the need to …

Background Repeated mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to induce
class switching to IgG4, a non-inflammatory human antibody subclass linked to tolerance …

Critically ill people with COVID-19 have greater antibody titers than those with mild to
moderate illness, but their association with recovery or death from COVID-19 has not been …

8 Antibodies in COVID-19 Page 418 CHAPTER 8 Antibodies in COVID-19 Mehak Zahoor Khan•
Rachel Leeson• Carole Henry• Galit Alter Introduction Antibodies Fc-Receptors Antibody Effector …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is capable of large‐scale
transmission and has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Patients …

The range of clinical manifestations associated with the infection by the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) encompasses a broad spectrum, ranging …

Recently, unexpectedly high virus-specific IgG4 levels were reported after more than two
mRNA vaccinations. Class switch towards IgG4 occurs after long-term antigen exposure …

Background Given the low levels of COVID-19 vaccine coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa,
despite high levels of natural SARS-CoV-2 exposures, strategies for extending the breadth …

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a severe complication of SARS-
CoV-2 infection characterized by multi-organ involvement and inflammation. Testing of …

Antibodies are proteins secreted by immune cells during the immune response to a
pathogen. By binding to the surfaces of pathogens with high affinity and specificity …