Olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest nonmotor features of Parkinson disease (PD).
Such dysfunction is present in approximately 90% of early-stage PD cases and can precede …

Olfactory dysfunction is an early 'pre-clinical'sign of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present
review is a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of such dysfunction in PD and …

Serotonin regulates many physiological processes including sleep, appetite, and mood.
Thus, serotonergic system is an important target in the treatment of psychiatric disorders …

Dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and endocannabinoids (ECs) are
key neuromodulators involved in many aspects of motivated behavior, including reward …

Introduction Sexual desire is controlled by brain systems involved in sexual excitation and
inhibition. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) may result from hypofunctional …

Affective valence lies on a spectrum ranging from punishment to reward. The coding of such
spectra in the brain almost always involves opponency between pairs of systems or …

Cocaine exhibits prominent abuse liability, and chronic abuse can result in cocaine use
disorder with significant morbidity. Major advances have been made in delineating …

Serotonin modulates several physiological and cognitive pathways throughout the human
body that affect emotions, memory, sleep, and thermal regulation. The complex nature of the …

Since their discovery in the mammalian brain, it has been apparent that serotonin (5-HT)
and dopamine (DA) interactions play a key role in normal and abnormal behavior …

Abstract Rationale Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in treating depression.
Given the existence of different families and subtypes of 5-HT receptors, multiple 5-HT …