Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a worldwide infectious disease caused by
severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In severe SARS-CoV-2 infection …

Most COVID-19 patients recovered with low mortality; however, some patients experienced
long-term symptoms described as “long-COVID” or “Post-COVID syndrome”(PCS). Patients …

It has been reported that corticosteroid therapy was effective in the management of severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) …

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a multifunctional nuclear protein, exists mainly within
the nucleus of all mammal eukaryotic cells. It is actively secreted by the necrotic cells as a …

In the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, an intensive number of studies have been performed
to understand in a deeper way the mechanisms behind better or worse clinical outcomes …

It has been illustrated that metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with Alzheimer disease
(AD) neuropathology. Components of MetS including central obesity, hypertension, insulin …

Neopterin (NPT) is a member of pteridines group, synthesized by macrophages when
stimulated by interferon gamma (INF-γ). NPT is regarded as a macrophage stimulation …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative virus in the
development of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Respiratory manifestations …

Aim/purpose Niclosamide (NCL) is an anthelminthic drug, which is widely used to treat
various diseases due to its pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. NCL …

Abstract Coronavirus virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infectious disease caused by
the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), actually considered as …