Epilepsy can be both a primary pathology and a secondary effect of many neurological
conditions. Many papers show that neuroinflammation is a product of epilepsy, and that in …

Background Although great advances have been made in the discovery of new drugs that
effectively penetrate the brain and alleviate neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's …

Background: The blood–brain barrier acts as a highly regulated interface; its dysfunction
may exacerbate, and perhaps initiate, neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders …

Capsaicin is a widespread spice known for its analgesic qualities. Although a
comprehensive body of evidence suggests pleiotropic benefits of capsaicin, including anti …

Objective An aberrant gut microbiota may be associated with a broad spectrum of diseases
including mental illness. The gut microbiota is scarcely studied in bipolar disorder (BD). We …

The human body is colonized from the birth by a large number of microorganisms. This will
constitute a real “functional microbial organ” that is fundamental for homeostasis and …

The effects of ginger on gastrointestinal disorders such as ulcerative colitis have been
widely investigated using experimental models; however, the mechanisms underlying its …

Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) and pediatric autoimmune
neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections syndrome (PANDAS) are …

The majority of the epithelial surfaces of our body, and the digestive tract, respiratory and
urogenital systems, are colonized by a vast number of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoans …

Cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is associated with an altered gut–liver–brain
axis. Fecal microbial transplant (FMT) after antibiotics improves outcomes in HE, but the …