Importance As many as 10% of women experience natural menopause by the age of 45
years. If confirmed, an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause …

Defining new approaches for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is an important
priority. Recently, measurement of endothelial function in patients has emerged as a useful …

Abstract Background and Objectives Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) converts
angiotensin II (Ang1-8) to angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7), a functional antagonist of Ang1-8, with …

The renin-angiotensin system is a central component of the physiological and pathological
responses of cardiovascular system. Its primary effector hormone, angiotensin II (ANG II), not …

The COVID‐19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS‐CoV‐2) has overwhelmed healthcare systems requiring the rapid development of …

Overlapping pandemics of lifestyle-related diseases pose a substantial threat to
cardiovascular health. Apart from coronary artery disease, metabolic disturbances linked to …

Chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with increases in cardiovascular diseases
(CVD) and subclinical atherosclerosis as well as early-stage endothelial dysfunction …

Abstract Angiotensin II (Ang II) increases adhesion molecules, cytokines and chemokines
and exerts a proinflammatory effect on leucocytes, endothelial cells and vascular smooth …

The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body
functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states …

Cardiac remodeling, which typically results from chronic hypertension or following an acute
myocardial infarction, is a major risk factor for the development of heart failure and …