Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has stimulated tremendous
efforts to develop therapeutic strategies that target severe acute respiratory syndrome …

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is causing a rapid increase in infections across the
globe. This new variant of concern carries an unusually high number of mutations in key …

The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 infected many vaccinated and convalescent
individuals,–. Despite the reduced protection from infection, individuals who received three …

The past several months have witnessed the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with novel
spike protein mutations that are influencing the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the …

Natural evolution must explore a vast landscape of possible sequences for desirable yet
rare mutations, suggesting that learning from natural evolutionary strategies could guide …

Infection-neutralizing antibody responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination are an …

Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants have acquired convergent mutations at hot spots
in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. The effects of these mutations on …

Two and a half years into the COVID-19 pandemic, we have gained many insights into the
human antibody response to the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this Review, we …

Neutralizing antibodies are known to have a crucial role in protecting against SARS-CoV-2
infection and have been suggested to be a useful correlate of protection for vaccine clinical …