Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of
the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been a topic of major …

Introduction SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus that causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).
Antiviral and immunomodulatory agents have been proposed as potential treatments …

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a major cause of the multi-organ injury and fatal
outcome induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COVID-19 patients. Metabolism can …

Rationale Pre-clinical and autopsy studies have fueled the hypothesis that a dysregulated
vascular endothelium might play a central role in the pathogenesis of ARDS and multi-organ …

Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated
macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 …

The disease course of COVID‐19 varies from asymptomatic infection to critical condition
leading to mortality. Identification of prognostic factors is important for prevention and early …

Metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, or insulin resistance and
obesity play key roles in the induction and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) …

Abstract mRNA vaccines have emerged as highly effective strategies in the prophylaxis and
treatment of diseases, thanks largely although not totally to their extraordinary performance …

COVID-19 is a rapidly growing pandemic with its first case identified during December 2019
in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Due to the rampant rise in the number of cases in China …

Coronaviruses, named for their crown-like spiked surface, are genetically diverse and can
infect multiple animal species, including bats, pigs, cats, rodents, and humans. Aside from …