Individuals of many species are considered to rely on a single type of external appearance
to escape predation but there are many notable exceptions. To develop an ecological …

Natural pigments are a group of chemically heterogeneous molecules that occur across
several taxonomical groups. Due to the remarkable chemistry of marine organisms, many …

Contrary to expectations regarding efficient predator education mediated by lack of
ambiguity and enhanced prey recognition, aposematic signals often show considerable …

Warning signals are an effective defence strategy for aposematic prey, but only if they are
recognized by potential predators. If predators must eat prey to associate novel warning …

Many animals have bright colours to warn predators that they have defences and are not
worth attacking. However, it remains unclear whether the strength of warning colours reliably …

Despite being popular among amateur and professional lepidopterologists and posing great
opportunities for evolutionary research, the phylogenetic relationships of tiger moths …

Prey animals typically try to avoid being detected and/or advertise to would-be predators that
they should be avoided. Both anti-predator strategies primarily rely on colour to succeed, but …

To evolve, and remain adaptive, collective behaviours must have a positive impact on
overall individual fitness. However, these adaptive benefits may not be immediately …

Warning signals are predicted to develop signal monomorphism via positive frequency‐
dependent selection (+ FDS) albeit many aposematic systems exhibit signal polymorphism …

Animals respond to predators by altering their behavior and physiological states, but the
underlying signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. Using the interactions between …