Animals use coloured signals for a variety of communication purposes, including to attract
potential mates, recognize individuals, defend territories and warn predators of secondary …

An apparent and common feature of aposematic patterns is that they contain a high level of
achromatic (luminance) contrast, for example, many warning signals combine black spots …

Increased predation risk is considered a cost of having conspicuous colours, affecting the
anti-predator behaviour of colourful animals. However, this is difficult to test, as individual …

Warning signal variation is ubiquitous but paradoxical: low variability should aid recognition
and learning by predators. However, spatial variability in the direction and strength of …

Natural selection by visually hunting predators has led to the evolution of color defense
strategies such as masquerade, crypsis, and aposematism that reduce the risk of predation …

In unpalatable prey, long-wavelength colors such as red or yellow are often thought to be
aposematic (warning) signals, due to their high conspicuousness. However …

Polymorphic warning signals in aposematic species are enigmatic because predator
learning and discrimination should select for the most common coloration, resulting in …

Numerous animals rely on camouflage for defence. Substantial past work has identified the
presence of multiple strategies for concealment, and tested the mechanisms underpinning …

It has been suggested that the common existence of regular patterning in aposematic prey
animals makes them “stand out” from the background, improving detection and recognition …

Attending to where others are looking is thought to be of great adaptive benefit for animals
when avoiding predators and interacting with group members. Many animals have been …