The iconic red hourglass of the black widow spiders (genus Latrodectus) is traditionally
considered an aposematic signal, yet experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we present …

Introduction Aposematism is a defense system against predators consisting of the toxicity
warning using conspicuous coloration. If the toxin production and aposematic coloration is …

The direction and strength of selection for prey colouration by predators vary in space and
time and depend on the composition of the predator community. We tested the hypothesis …

Effective communication requires reliable signals and competent receptors. Theoretical and
empirical accounts of animal signaling focus overwhelmingly on the capacity of the signaler …

Cleaning interactions, in which a small 'cleaner'organism removes and often consumes
material from a larger 'client', are some of the most enigmatic and intriguing of interspecies …

Imperfect mimicry may be maintained when the various components of an aposematic signal
have different salience for predators. Experimental laboratory studies provide robust …

Inter-individual variation in antipredatory behaviour has long attracted curiosity among
scientists. Deimatism is a complex, multi-component antipredatory strategy consisting of …

Both evolutionary considerations and recent research suggest that the color red serves as a
signal indicating an object's importance. However, until now, there is no evidence that this …

Studies on aposematism have generally focused on the benefits of red or yellow coloration,
occasionally in contrast with green or brown, but rarely blue or orange. Furthermore, almost …

Snakes and primates have coexisted for thousands of years. Given that snakes are the first
of the major primate predators, natural selection may have favored primates whose snake …