Antigen processing and presentation are the cornerstones of adaptive immunity. B cells
cannot generate high-affinity antibodies without T cell help. CD4+ T cells, which provide …

Our understanding of the ubiquitin code has greatly evolved from conventional E1, E2 and
E3 enzymes that modify Lys residues on specific substrates with a single type of ubiquitin …

Epigenetics regulates gene expression and has been confirmed to play a critical role in a
variety of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease …

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to amino acid side chain modification in some
proteins after their biosynthesis. There are more than 400 different types of PTMs affecting …

Radioresistance is a principal culprit for the failure of radiotherapy in hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC). Insights on the regulation genes of radioresistance and underlying …

NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for life and are involved in the regulation of
almost all biological processes. ROS production is critical for plant development, response …

Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are specialized proteases that remove ubiquitin from substrates or
cleave within ubiquitin chains to regulate ubiquitylation and therefore play important roles in …

INTRODUCTION Stress granules are dynamic structures composed of RNA and protein that
arise in the cytoplasm in response to a variety of stressors. These structures form via liquid …

Ubiquitination, an important type of protein posttranslational modification (PTM), plays a
crucial role in controlling substrate degradation and subsequently mediates the “quantity” …