Background Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) are increasingly used as
composite outcomes in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies …

The invention of beta (β)-blockers culminated in a new era in the treatment of cardiovascular
diseases (CD), and changed the course of pharmacology research for years to come. Since …

Medications such as Vioxx and procedures such as vertebroplasty for back pain are among
the medical" advances" that turned out to be dangerous or useless. What Dr. Vinayak K …

There are currently three generations of beta-adrenergic blockers for the treatment of
hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. The 1st generation caused vasoconstriction and …

Hypertension is a major contributor to the development of heart failure with preserved
ejection fraction (HFpEF). Our understanding of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of …

The differential efficacy of lipophilic and hydrophilic β-blockers on clinical outcomes has not
been investigated. We sought to compare the effects of lipophilic and hydrophilic β-blockers …

Background Atenolol and metoprolol tartrate are commonly prescribed β-blockers. Atenolol
elimination depends on kidney function, whereas metoprolol tartrate does not. We …

Objective Antihypertensives are the most used medication type in the USA, yet there
remains uncertainty about the use of different antihypertensives. We sought to characterize …

Background Existing trials almost exclusively used atenolol to represent the entire β-blocker
class, and it is unknown whether there are intra-class differences. We compared the …

Background Large randomized trials have reported mixed results regarding the risk of
bradycardia between metoprolol and carvedilol. We compared the incidence of emergent …