Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. Cellular homeostasis of
glutamate is of paramount importance for normal brain function and relies on an intricate …

Astrocytes contribute to the complex cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Neurons and astrocytes function in close collaboration through neurotransmitter recycling …

Astrocytes play key roles in the regulation of brain energy metabolism, which has a major
impact on brain functions, including memory, neuroprotection, resistance to oxidative stress …

The synaptic hypothesis of schizophrenia has been highly influential. However, new
approaches mean there has been a step-change in the evidence available, and some tenets …

Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions,
including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters …

Mitochondria are unique and essential organelles that mediate many vital cellular processes
including energy metabolism and cell death. The transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45 …

The brain's energy demands are remarkable both in their intensity and in their moment-to-
moment dynamic range. This perspective considers the evidence for Warburg-like aerobic …

Human studies consistently identify bioenergetic maladaptations in brains upon aging and
neurodegenerative disorders of aging (NDAs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's …

Since it was first generally accepted that the two amino acids glutamate and GABA act as
principal neurotransmitters, several landmark discoveries relating to this function have been …

Brain glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and
glycogen turnover, produces ATP for energetic support and provides the precursors for the …